老人一年打赏女主播超6万，女儿无奈为父设置“青少年”模式

中文原文

“唱歌是在对口型，跳舞也只是稍微扭一扭，整个直播画面毫无美感，可我爸就是喜欢。”四川成都市民高凤（化名）这样描述父亲“钟爱”的一位女主播的直播间场景。

高凤告诉记者，仅2022年，其父亲就在直播间打赏这位女主播超过6万元，而女主播的方式无非是直接向父亲索要礼物，或者通过直播PK诱导父亲打赏。

近年来，像高凤父亲这样使用短视频平台的老年人越来越多，其中“为爱发电”甚至沉迷向主播打赏大额资金者不在少数。记者调查发现，话语诱导、提供好处、营造“人设”等是主播诱导老年人直播打赏的常用“手段”。

受访专家认为，老年人被诱导打赏主播，既有他们为找到情感寄托而甘愿付费的因素，也有孤独生活拉低他们心理防线的因素，还有短视频平台缺乏类似“青少年”模式预防机制的因素。解决这一问题，既需要家庭和子女给老年人应有的关爱，也需要短视频平台加强监管，针对判断力弱、认知能力衰退的老年人设置相应模式，让老年人远离大额直播打赏。

需要情感陪伴

老人沉迷直播打赏

在高凤的印象中，父亲几年前开始在某短视频平台上看直播，2021年时，大概一个月花几百上千元在直播间给主播刷一些小礼物。看父亲给主播刷小礼物很高兴，高凤作为女儿也就没有过多干涉。

后来，高凤发现父亲在直播间的等级越来越高，“一下子便警惕起来”。今年过年期间，她查询父亲的打赏记录时呆住了，过去一年，父亲打赏了多位女主播，“其中他最‘钟爱’的女主播，打赏金额总共超过6万元”。

“我觉得他走火入魔了。”高凤向记者讲述经过时，连连叹气。

这种情况并非个例，北京市丰台区居民刘平怎么也没想到，父亲刘峰（化名）竟然沉迷直播打赏，半年时间将3万元退休金打赏一空。

今年年初，刘峰注册了某短视频平台的账号后，沉迷于在平台上观看主播直播并打赏。今年7月份，因为需要住院治疗，刘峰才发现自己的银行卡余额少了3万多元。而直到儿子将打印的银行流水放到其面前时，他仍喃喃道：“就刷了几次‘礼物’，怎么可能花了这么多？”

近日，坐拥上千万粉丝、素有“中老年女性收割机”之称的主播“秀才”短视频账号因违反平台相关规定被封禁。公开报道显示，在“秀才”的粉丝当中，不乏打赏金额十几万元甚至几十万元的“粉丝”。

是什么让那么多老年人沉迷于平台观看主播直播并打赏？

为了解开心中的疑团，高凤在父亲打赏的直播间里蹲守了一个星期，发现了主播们“花式”索要打赏的方式。其中最普遍的是直接索要礼物，即主播在直播间直接向老年粉丝索要礼物，或者通过直播PK的形式诱导老年粉丝打赏。

打造一个让人心疼的故事和“人设”，也是方式之一。据高凤介绍，那名女主播说自己离异后独自带两个孩子，边打工边抚养孩子，让自己的父亲心生怜悯。同样家有沉迷直播间老年人的山东人王女士告诉记者，父亲在提及为什么打赏几万元时可谓振振有词——“你懂什么，她（女主播）有心脏病，我这是看她可怜”。

“我父亲除了在直播间打赏，还加了女主播的社交账号。他们经常视频，女主播会让我爸给她拉票。”高凤说，这让她父亲觉得自己被需要，每次看直播时还通知认识的老年人帮忙刷各种人气票。

在高凤看来，老年人沉迷其中后果严重，“对于自己的劝阻，父亲甚至要和我断绝父女关系，差点不认我这个女儿了”。

梁州（网名）是社交平台上一位知识型博主，她曾在一家MCN公司负责虚拟主播业务。在她看来，在老年粉丝心目中，最被吸引的原因，还是主播提供的情感价值，只是这种价值需要金钱供养。

梁州曾注册一个匿名账号登录老年人集体连麦聊天的直播间，聊天内容也很寻常：今天喝的什么茶？路好走不好走？下雨了，千万别出门，鞋子会沾上泥。

“这些话，很多老年人在家里肯定听不到子女说。”梁州说，他们需要陪伴。

北京师范大学心理学部教授彭华茂做了多年老年人心理认知研究。据她观察，一些针对老年人的直播满足了他们的情感需求，从而获得了老年人的关注和互动甚至是打赏，反映了老年人需要精神寄托的紧迫现实。但在这方面，社会上普遍存在着认知误区，使大家漠视了老年人的心理需求。

老人不是未成年人

打赏退回很难

为了要回父亲的打赏金额，高凤甚至添加了女主播的社交账号，向她说明家里并不富裕，但是该女主播认为这是高凤的家事，让高凤的父亲管好自己，而不是来缠着她。

“我还在网络上咨询过，有专门的团队可以帮助要回这种打赏金额，前提必须是我父亲同意，但是我父亲就是不同意。”高凤说。

高凤注意到，短视频平台设置有“未成年充值退款申请”，于是尝试通过此机制要回父亲的打赏资金，“打赏这么多钱，也不是小数目”，但平台在审核资料时没有予以通过。

“如果按照正常途径向直播平台要求退回打赏，需要提供很多资料，比如女主播诱导打赏的聊天截图或者私信诱导等，我拿不出来这些资料，我父亲也不可能提供。”高凤无奈地说。

采用这种方式的不止高凤一人。记者在某社区电商平台上看到，多位有过相似经历的网友称，以老年人账号向相关平台投诉或申请退回打赏资金，平台只是核查主播在直播中的行为是否违规，没有违规，则不予退回打赏资金。

北京京都律师事务所律师常莎曾调研过老年人直播打赏案例。在她看来，根据民法典的规定，一般情况下，老年人具有完全民事行为能力，可以独立实施民事法律行为，包括实施打赏行为。

常莎说，在大多数相关案件中，用户作为原告均主张其与主播之间构成赠与合同关系。但在三种情况下，用户打赏主播的钱可以追回：一是未成年人、成年的无民事行为能力人，或者限制民事行为能力人打赏主播；二是用公款打赏主播，赏金属于违法犯罪所得应予追缴；三是如果成年人有配偶，配偶一方可以主张自己对巨额打赏完全不知情，该行为侵犯了夫妻双方对共有财产的处分权，向法院起诉撤销赠与。

常莎还介绍说，除此之外，实践中，公序良俗是对法律行为效力的有效规制。若民事主体的行为违反了公序良俗，则究其行为所形成的法律关系也是无效的。也就是说，老人及家属如果能证明在直播打赏中存在违反公序良俗的行为，则会导致打赏行为无效，平台也应当协助退回打赏款项。

“如果因为主播采用一些欺诈等方式来诱导打赏，是可以要求撤销合同的，但是这个欺诈的认定比较困难。”对此问题多有研究的北京嘉维律师事务所律师赵占领说，首先是确实有欺诈行为存在，如果仅仅是一种话术则不能归为欺诈，而虚构事实、歪曲事实，然后去诱导打赏则可能构成欺诈。

赵占领举例说，有些主播编造说自己患病或遭遇家庭重大变故，生活非常困难，希望大家打赏，助其渡过难关。但他所述与实际不符，这就属于虚构事实，通过欺诈的方式诱使粉丝去打赏，这种打赏就是基于欺诈而订立的合同，属于可撤销的合同。

无奈设置“青少年”模式防老人打赏

建议设置打赏退款机制

无奈之下，高凤给父亲账号设置了“青少年”模式。但父亲有他的应对方式——另起炉灶，自己再开通一个新的短视频平台账号。

和高凤的经历相似，广州市居民李女士告诉记者：“我给父亲开了‘青少年’模式，父亲经常因此跟我发飙。他总是保证说不会再继续打赏，但还是会偷偷充钱，甚至为了应对我检查手机，还会删除充钱记录，真是在一声一声的‘大哥’里迷了眼。”

高凤等人一直在寻找解决办法，如何让沉迷直播间不断打赏的老年人“刹车”。

“能否借鉴‘青少年’模式，由短视频平台设置老年人充值退款申请区，专门为认知能力衰退的老人解决打赏退款问题？”高凤呼吁。

在受访专家看来，与较为完善的未成年人打赏限制机制相比，老年人直播打赏限制的问题却鲜有人关注。

赵占领认为，平台一般不会设置“老年人充值退款申请区”，因为在现行法律法规框架下，平台没有设置义务。

在赵占领看来，一般来讲，大部分老年人是完全民事行为能力人，他们所实施的打赏行为不属于效力待定，也不需要像未成年人那样需要监护人追认，所以不需要像对待未成年人那样对待老年人。

在中国司法大数据研究院社会治理发展研究部部长李俊慧看来，一般情况下，老年人打赏行为不宜轻易认定无效，只有在确实存在被诱导、误导影响且老年人对打赏操作本身后果无准确认知背景下，才宜认定无效或可撤销。

“网络直播及营销活动确实导致了冲动性消费及非理性打赏，在没有完善法律规制的情况下，对于直播平台而言，应该担负起与其盈利相对等的社会责任，建议对于判断能力弱、认知能力衰退的老年人设置相应的退款机制，在亲属提供充足证据确实能证明打赏行为缺乏真实意思表示的情况下，可予以退款，以避免造成不良的社会影响和纠纷。”常莎说。

“在打赏场景中，老年人参与打赏要区分自愿、自主打赏以及诱导式、误导式打赏，后者根据程度不同，可能涉嫌构成欺诈或诈骗。”李俊慧分析，由于老年人对智能手机或电脑的使用能力较差，不排除部分操作行为虽然是老年人自己实施，但其主观上是在被诱导、误导影响下实施的，其对相关行为可能产生的结果存在不准确认知，甚至对特定操作行为可能产生财产转移支付没有准确认知和判断，此时还是要给老年人设置申请退款的机制。

英文译文

"The singing was lip-syncing and the dancing was just a little twist. There was no aesthetic in the whole livestream, but my dad loved it." Gao Feng (pseudonym), a resident of Chengdu, Sichuan province, describes the scene in the live broadcast room of a female anchor her father "adores".

Gao Feng told reporters that in 2022 alone, her father paid the female anchor more than 60,000 yuan in the direct broadcast room, and the female anchor's way is nothing more than to ask for gifts directly from her father, or to induce her father to reward through live PK.

In recent years, more and more elderly people like Gao Feng's father have used short video platforms, among which there are not a few people who "generate electricity for love" or even indulge in rewarding large sums of money to anchors. The reporter's investigation found that discourse induction, providing benefits, and creating "people" are the common "means" for anchors to induce the elderly to broadcast rewards.

Interviewed experts believe that the elderly are induced to reward anchors, both because they are willing to pay to find emotional sustentations, but also because the lonely life pulls down their psychological defense, and because the short video platform lacks a similar "teenager" mode of prevention mechanism. To solve this problem, it is necessary for families and children to give due care to the elderly, and it is also necessary for short video platforms to strengthen supervision, set up corresponding models for the elderly with poor judgment and cognitive decline, and let the elderly stay away from large live rewards.

Need emotional companionship

The old man is addicted to live broadcasting

In Gao Feng's impression, his father began to watch live broadcasts on a short video platform a few years ago, and in 2021, he spent about hundreds of thousands of yuan a month to brush some small gifts for anchors in the broadcast room. See father to anchor brush small gifts very happy, Gao Feng as a daughter also did not interfere too much.

Later, Gao Feng found that her father's level in the broadcast room was getting higher and higher, and "suddenly became vigilant." During the Chinese New Year this year, she was stunned when she checked her father's reward records, and in the past year, her father rewarded a number of female anchors, "among them, the female anchor he most 'loved' had a total of more than 60,000 yuan."

"I think he's obsessed." Gao Feng told reporters after, repeatedly sigh.

This situation is not unique, Liu Ping, a resident of Fengtai District, Beijing, did not expect that his father Liu Feng (a pseudonym) was addicted to live rewards, and in half a year the 30,000 yuan pension was rewarded.

At the beginning of this year, Liu Feng registered an account on a short video platform and became addicted to watching live broadcasts from anchors on the platform and giving tips. In July this year, because he needed hospital treatment, Liu Feng found that his bank card balance was less than 30,000 yuan. And until his son put the printed bank statement in front of him, he still muttered: "Just a few times' gift ', how can you spend so much?"

Recently, the streamer "Xiucai" short video account, which has tens of millions of fans and is known as the "harvester of middle-aged and elderly women", was banned for violating relevant regulations of the platform. Public reports show that among the fans of "Xiucai", there are many "fans" who pay hundreds of thousands of yuan or even hundreds of thousands of yuan.

What is it that makes so many elderly people addicted to the platform to watch the live broadcast of the anchor and give tips?

In order to understand the doubts in the happy, Gao Feng in the father's reward in the broadcast room squatting for a week, found the anchor "fancy" to ask for reward way. One of the most common is to directly ask for gifts, that is, the anchor directly asks for gifts from the elderly fans in the live broadcast room, or induces the elderly fans to reward through the form of live PK.

Creating a story that makes people feel bad and "people" is also one of the ways. according to Gao Feng, the female anchor said that he took two children alone after divorce, while working to raise the children, so that his father had compassion. Ms. Wang, a Shandong resident who is also addicted to the elderly in the broadcast room, told reporters that her father was eloquent when he mentioned why he paid tens of thousands of yuan - "What do you understand, she (female anchor) has a heart attack, I see her poor".

"In addition to the rewards in the broadcast room, my father also added the female anchor's social account. They often video, and the female anchor will ask my father to canvass for her." Gao said that this made her father feel needed, and every time he watched the live broadcast, he also informed the elderly people he knew to help swipe various popular tickets.

In Gao Feng's view, the elderly indulge in serious consequences, "for their own dissuasion, my father even want to break off father-daughter relations with me, almost did not recognize me as a daughter."

Liang Zhou (net name) is a knowledge blogger on the social media platform. She used to be in charge of the virtual anchor business at an MCN company. In her opinion, in the minds of elderly fans, the most attracted reason is the emotional value provided by the anchor, but this value needs money.

Liang Zhou has registered an anonymous account to log in to the elderly collective Lianmai chat broadcast room, chat content is also very common: what tea to drink today? Is it easy to walk? Don't go out when it's raining, your shoes will get muddy.

"These are words that many elderly people would never hear from their children at home." 'They need company,' Mr. Liang said.

Peng Huamao, a professor in the department of Psychology at Beijing normal University, has done research on the psychological cognition of the elderly for many years. According to her observation, some live broadcasts for the elderly meet their emotional needs, thus gaining the attention and interaction of the elderly and even rewards, reflecting the urgent reality that the elderly need spiritual sustence. However, in this regard, there are widespread cognitive misunderstandings in the society, so that everyone ignores the psychological needs of the elderly.

The old man is not a minor

Rewards are hard to return

In order to return to his father's reward amount, Gao Feng even added the female anchor's social account, telling her that the home is not rich, but the female anchor thinks this is Gao Feng's family, let Gao Feng's father take care of himself, rather than pestering her.

"I also consulted on the Internet and there is a special team that can help me get this amount back, but only if my father agrees, and my father doesn't agree." Gao Feng said.

Gao Feng noticed that the short video platform has a "juvenile recharge refund application", so he tried to return his father's reward funds through this mechanism, "reward so much money, it is not a small amount", but the platform did not pass the review of the information.

"If you ask the live broadcasting platform to return the reward through normal channels, you need to provide a lot of information, such as the chat screenshot of the female anchor to induce the reward or private message induction, I can't provide these information, and my father can't provide them." Gao Feng said helplessly.

Gao Feng is not alone in this approach. The reporter saw on a community e-commerce platform that a number of netizens with similar experiences said that the elderly account complained to the relevant platform or applied for the return of reward funds, and the platform only checked whether the anchor's behavior in the live broadcast was illegal, and no violation would not return the reward funds.

Chang Sha, a lawyer at Beijing Kyoto law Firm, has investigated cases of elderly people broadcasting rewards. In her view, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, under normal circumstances, the elderly have full capacity for civil conduct and can independently carry out civil legal acts, including the implementation of rewards.

Chang Sha said that in most of the relevant cases, the user as the plaintiff claims that the relationship between the user and the anchor constitutes a gift contract. However, in three cases, users can recover the money paid to the anchor: first, minors, adults without civil capacity, or people with limited civil capacity to reward anchors; The second is to use public funds to reward anchors, the reward is illegal and criminal income should be recovered; Third, if the adult has a spouse, one of the spouses can claim that they are completely unaware of the huge reward, which infringes on the couple's right to dispose of the joint property, and Sue the court to revoke the gift.

Chang Sha also introduced that in addition, in practice, public order and good customs are effective regulations on the effectiveness of legal acts. If the civil subject's behavior violates the public order and good customs, the legal relationship formed by its behavior is also invalid. In other words, if the elderly and their families can prove that there is a violation of public order and good customs in the live reward, it will cause the reward behavior to be invalid, and the platform should also help return the reward money.

"If the anchor uses some fraudulent methods to induce rewards, it is possible to ask for the cancellation of the contract, but it is difficult to identify the fraud." Zhao Zhan, a lawyer at Beijing Jiawei Law Firm who has studied this issue, said that the first is that there is indeed fraud, and if it is only a kind of speech, it cannot be classified as fraud, and fabricating facts, distorting facts, and then inducing rewards may constitute fraud.

Zhao Occupation, for example, some anchors make up that they are ill or suffer major family changes, life is very difficult, I hope everyone to reward, to help them through the difficulties. But what he said is inconsistent with the reality, which is a fictional fact, through fraud to induce fans to reward, this reward is based on fraud and concluded a contract, a revocable contract.

Helpless to set the "youth" mode to prevent the elderly to reward

It is suggested to set up a reward and refund mechanism

In desperation, Gao Feng set up a "teenager" mode for her father's account. But my father had his own way of coping - starting from scratch and opening a new short video platform account himself.

Similar to Gao Feng's experience, Ms. Li, a resident of Guangzhou, told reporters: "I gave my father a 'teenager' mode, and my father often got angry with me because of it. He always promised that he would not send any more rewards, but he kept surreptitiously charging money and even deleted the record of charging money in case I checked his phone.

Gao Feng and others have been looking for solutions, how to indulge in the broadcast room constantly reward the elderly "brake".

"Can we learn from the model of 'teenagers' and set up an application area for elderly recharge and refund by short video platforms to solve the problem of reward and refund for elderly people with cognitive decline?" Gao Feng appealed.

In the opinion of the interviewed experts, compared with the relatively perfect mechanism of the reward restriction for minors, the problem of the elderly live reward restriction has received little attention.

Zhao Occupy believes that the platform generally will not set up "elderly recharge refund application area", because under the current legal and regulatory framework, the platform has no obligation to set up.

In Zhao Zhan's view, generally speaking, most of the elderly are people with full civil capacity, and the rewards they implement do not belong to the validity to be determined, nor do they need to be ratified by guardians like minors, so there is no need to treat the elderly like minors.

In the view of Li Junhui, director of the Social governance Development Research Department of the China Judicial Big Data Research Institute, under normal circumstances, the elderly's reward behavior should not be easily identified as invalid, only in the context of the existence of inducement and misleading influence and the elderly have no accurate cognition of the consequences of the reward operation itself, it should be identified as invalid or reversible.

"Online live broadcasting and marketing activities do lead to impulsive consumption and irrational rewards. In the absence of perfect legal regulations, live broadcasting platforms should shoulder social responsibilities equal to their profits. It is recommended to set up a corresponding refund mechanism for elderly people with weak judgment and cognitive decline. Refunds can be made if the relatives provide sufficient evidence to prove that the reward act lacks genuine intention, so as to avoid negative social impact and disputes." Chang Sha said.

"In the tipping scene, the participation of the elderly in tipping should distinguish between voluntary and autonomous tipping and inductive and misleading tipping, which may be suspected of fraud or fraud depending on the degree." According to Li Junhui's analysis, due to the poor ability of the elderly to use smart phones or computers, it is not ruled out that although some operational behaviors are implemented by the elderly themselves, they are subjectively implemented under the influence of induction and misdirection, and they have inaccurate cognition of the possible results of relevant behaviors, and even have no accurate cognition and judgment about the possible property transfer payment caused by specific operational behaviors. At this time, it is still necessary to set up a mechanism for the elderly to apply for a refund.

重点词汇

• just a little 只是一点点 ; 略

• Sichuan province 四川省

• live broadcast 现场直播 ; 现场转播

• more than 超过，超出，超出……的 ; 比……更 ; 非常，极其 ; 比……更重要 ; 超出需要，超乎寻常

• direct broadcast 直接广播

• nothing more than 只不过;仅仅

• In recent years 近年来 ; 近几年 ; 最近几年 ; 近几年来 ; 在最近几年里

• more and more 越来越

• elderly people 老年人 ; 老人家 ; 高龄者

• a few people 几个人 ; 少数人

句子成分分析：

This situation is not unique, || Liu Ping, <a resident (of Fengtai District)>, <Beijing>, did not expect | that his father Liu Feng (a pseudonym) was addicted to live rewards, || and [in half a year] the 30,000 yuan pension was rewarded.

句子语法结构详解：

* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* unique 为形容词作表语。
* Liu Ping 开头为陈述句。
* Beijing 为同位语
* expect 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* that 为连词，引导宾语从句。
* Liu Feng 为同位语
* 第1个 was 为系动词作谓语，采用一般过去时。
* addicted 为形容词作表语。
* to live 为不定式，作状语。
* and 为并列连词，连接并列句。
* 第2个 was 为助动词。
* rewarded 为谓语，采用一般过去时和被动语态。
* his 为形容词型物主代词。did 为助动词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子相关学习点：

 in 和 after 后接时间的区别

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