能带来极光也会干扰卫星 到底什么是地磁暴？一文读懂 ——秒词邦背单词app

据中国气象局消息，3月24日、25日和26日三天可能出现地磁活动，其中3月25日可能发生中等以上地磁暴甚至大地磁暴，预计地磁活动将持续到26日。地磁暴的到来通常都会伴随着美丽的极光，导航、卫星受到干扰等影响。何为地磁暴？地磁暴带来这些影响的具体原因是什么？我们又是如何“预知”地磁暴的？一起来看！

地磁暴再来

这一次是太阳的“二重奏”

简单概括，地磁暴是地球磁场全球性的剧烈扰动现象。

我们知道，日冕是太阳大气的最外层，当出现强烈太阳活动（包括但不限于耀斑爆发）的时候，就会发生日冕物质抛射。一次抛射就能将数以亿吨计的太阳物质，以数百数千米每秒的高速抛离太阳表面。这些太阳物质不光有巨大质量与速度汇聚成的动能，它们还携带着太阳强大的磁场能，一旦“击中”地球，就会引发地磁场方向与大小的变化，这就叫地磁暴。

通常而言，越正对地球、速度越快的日冕物质抛射，会产生越强烈的地磁暴。

这次地磁暴的产生，主要由于前几天太阳爆发大耀斑，耀斑峰值强度为X1.1级。虽然太阳耀斑爆发不罕见，但是出现X级的耀斑却并不多。而且，这场爆发还有另一个特别之处：由两个活动区共同完成的“双重奏”：

两个“蠢蠢欲动”的太阳活动区

再加之此次日冕物质抛射过程发生的位置几乎正对地球。从地球看去，喷发物形成一个圆面，也就是“全晕”。此类爆发活动喷出的太阳物质相对地球速度快、覆盖度高，可能会引起比较强的地磁活动。

日冕仪拍摄到日冕物质抛射过程

地磁暴会对我们的生活产生哪些影响？

你好！极光

在地球上，地磁暴带来的最直观影响就是极光。当地磁暴发生时，地磁中的带电粒子会沿着磁力线进入地球的大气层中，导致大气层分子与原子之间碰撞激发产生荧光，也就是我们常说的极光。

就在今天凌晨，我国内蒙古根河市已经可以看见极光啦！

高能粒子流冲击大气+扰动磁场 导航、卫星受影响

刚刚我们说地磁暴代表着地球受到冲击，从而引发磁场变化，因此，磁极附近的高纬度区域地面会因为磁场的快速变化进一步激发感应电流，并对当地电网等产生一定影响。高纬度区域地磁导航、卫星导航和低频无线电波导航等也会受到明显干扰。

此外，高能粒子流和地磁扰动同样对空间站、卫星的电气元件工作、飞行姿态等产生影响。甚至对于部分低轨道航天器而言，地磁扰动会引起大气密度变化、大气阻力增加，使得轨道高度下降，影响卫星寿命。

扰乱判断 这些动物可能会“迷路”

地磁暴这种强烈的地磁活动可能会影响动物的迁徙和导航能力，比如信鸽、海龟这类靠地磁场来感应方向的动物。当磁场发生紊乱时，就会导致它们的行进、迁移路线发生改变。

“预知”地磁暴

来看“羲和号”

由于地磁暴带来的种种影响，预测地磁暴、观测太阳活动就显得尤为重要。

2021年，我国发射了首颗太阳探测试验卫星——“羲和号”，可用于观测太阳大气活动、对地磁暴进行预警，以便及时做好预防措施。

“羲和号”

“羲和号”上搭载了太阳Hɑ成像光谱仪，可以探测到Hɑ（氢阿尔法）谱线，对太阳进行扫描拍照。Hɑ谱线是太阳活动在低层大气里响应最强的一种谱线，它可以直观地反映出太阳爆发的源区特征，有助于科学家正确掌握太阳爆发的物理机制。

刚刚看到的这张图片，就是来自“羲和号”的“报告”。

通过分析扫描到的太阳图像，科学家能了解到太阳爆发时的大气温度、速度等数据，从而搭建起太阳爆发过程中的完整物理模型。

2022年，“羲和号”第一次成功扫描了太阳Hɑ波段光谱。目前，“羲和号”每扫描一次太阳全日面只需要46秒，效率很高。

编辑/朱葳

新闻译文：

According to the China Meteorological Administration, there may be geomagnetic activity on March 24th, 25th, and 26th, with moderate to severe geomagnetic storms or even geomagnetic storms occurring on March 25th. It is expected that geomagnetic activity will continue until March 26th. The arrival of geomagnetic storms is usually accompanied by beautiful auroras, which can interfere with navigation and satellites. What is a geomagnetic storm? What are the specific reasons for the effects of geomagnetic storms? How do we "predict" geomagnetic storms? Let's take a look together!

Geomagnetic storm coming again

This time is the "duet" of the sun

Simply put, geomagnetic storms are severe global disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field.

We know that the corona is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, and when strong solar activity occurs (including but not limited to flare eruptions), coronal mass ejections occur. A single ejection can eject billions of tons of solar material from the surface of the sun at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per second. These solar materials not only have the kinetic energy formed by the convergence of massive mass and velocity, but also carry the powerful magnetic field energy of the sun. Once they hit the Earth, they will cause changes in the direction and size of the geomagnetic field, which is called a geomagnetic storm.

Generally speaking, the more direct and faster the coronal mass ejection towards Earth, the stronger the geomagnetic storm will be produced.

The generation of this geomagnetic storm was mainly due to a large solar flare that erupted a few days ago, with a peak intensity of X1.1. Although solar flares are not uncommon, there are not many X-level flares. Moreover, this outbreak has another special feature: the "dual performance" completed by two activity areas together:

Two "restless" solar activity zones

Furthermore, the location of this coronal mass ejection process is almost directly facing Earth. From the perspective of Earth, the ejecta forms a circular surface, known as a "total halo". The solar material ejected by such explosive activities is relatively fast and has high coverage compared to the Earth, which may cause strong geomagnetic activity.

Coronagraph captures the process of coronal mass ejection

What impact will geomagnetic storms have on our lives?

Hello! aurora

The most direct impact of geomagnetic storms on Earth is auroras. When a local magnetic storm occurs, charged particles in the geomagnetic field will enter the Earth's atmosphere along the magnetic field lines, causing collisions between atmospheric molecules and atoms to excite fluorescence, which is commonly known as aurora.

Just early this morning, the aurora can already be seen in Genhe City, Inner Mongolia, China!

High energy particle flow impacting the atmosphere+disturbance magnetic field navigation, satellite affected

Just now we said that geomagnetic storms represent the impact on the Earth, causing changes in the magnetic field. Therefore, the ground in high latitude areas near the magnetic poles will further stimulate induced currents due to the rapid changes in the magnetic field, and have a certain impact on the local power grid, etc. High latitude geomagnetic navigation, satellite navigation, and low-frequency radio wave navigation can also be significantly affected by interference.

In addition, high-energy particle flows and geomagnetic disturbances also have an impact on the electrical components and flight attitude of space stations and satellites. Even for some low orbit spacecraft, geomagnetic disturbances can cause changes in atmospheric density, increase atmospheric resistance, decrease orbital altitude, and affect satellite lifespan.

Disrupting the judgment that these animals may "get lost"

The strong geomagnetic activity of geomagnetic storms may affect the migration and navigation abilities of animals, such as pigeons and turtles, which rely on the geomagnetic field to sense direction. When the magnetic field is disrupted, it will cause a change in their path of travel and migration.

Anticipated geomagnetic storms

Let's take a look at the "Xihe Hao"

Due to the various impacts brought by geomagnetic storms, predicting geomagnetic storms and observing solar activity are particularly important.

In 2021, China launched its first solar exploration experimental satellite, "Xihe", which can be used to observe solar atmospheric activity and provide early warning for geomagnetic storms, in order to take timely preventive measures.

"Xihe Hao"

The Xihe spacecraft is equipped with Sun H ɑ Imaging spectrometer, capable of detecting H ɑ Scanning and taking photos of the sun using hydrogen alpha spectral lines. H ɑ Spectral lines are the strongest response of solar activity in the lower atmosphere, which can intuitively reflect the characteristics of the source area of solar eruptions, helping scientists to correctly understand the physical mechanism of solar eruptions.

The picture I just saw is a report from the Xihe ship.

By analyzing the scanned solar images, scientists can understand the atmospheric temperature, velocity, and other data during solar eruptions, thereby building a complete physical model of the solar eruption process.

In 2022, the Xihe spacecraft successfully scanned the Sun H for the first time ɑ Band spectrum. At present, the Xihe spacecraft only takes 46 seconds to scan the entire solar surface once, which is very efficient.

Editor/Zhu Wei

句子成分分析：

[Due to the various impacts brought [by geomagnetic storms]], predicting geomagnetic storms and observing 

solar activity are particularly important.

句子语法结构详解：

(brought 为 bring 的过去分词。)

* brought 为过去分词，作后置定语。
* predicting 为动名词，在句中作主语。
* observing 为动名词。
* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* important 为形容词作表语。
* the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

High latitude (geomagnetic)navigation, satellite navigation, and low-frequency radio wave navigation can also be 

[significantly] affected [by interference].

句子语法结构详解：

* geomagnetic 为形容词作后置定语
* affected 为谓语，采用被动语态。
* can 为情态动词。be 为助动词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

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