美媒：禁止他国向美国出售商品是开创先例，法网友：美国如愿以偿

美国打压中国科技，美媒意识到了问题的严重性。

美国为了维护其科技霸权，祭出市场限制、科技封锁等手段，宣布把140家中国公司“拉黑”。但没想到商务部很快就做出回应，宣布禁令：不予许可镓、锗、锑、超硬材料相关两用物项对美国出口，对电动汽车电池的石墨两用物项对美国出口，实施更严格的最终用户和最终用途审查。

这项禁令现在打懵了美国。美媒评中国最新出口管制表示：中国开创了先例，禁止他国向美国出售商品。

之所以美媒认为中国开创了先例，是因为他没有想到中国会这么做，而且这一招非常准。禁止出口到美国的这些东西，中国储量很大，比如，2023年中国生产了全球98%的镓和60%的锗，天然石墨的产量占到全球总产量的77%。

更重要的是，这些矿产是高科技产品、国防、通讯等产品不可或缺的。

美国地质调查局在11月的一份报告中警告称，中国全面禁止镓和锗的出口可能会给美国经济造成34亿美元的直接损失，并引发供应链运行受阻的连带效应。

彭博社也指出，中国是数十种关键矿产的全球最大供应国，扩大出口管制将对美国相关行业造成严重影响。

虽然美国锗的储量比我们高，自1987年以来，美国就没有再开采过用于半导体的镓。当前美国进口的镓中有26%来自日本，21%来自中国，19%来自德国，此外还有几家较小的供应国。美国都是以铅锌伴生矿为主，制造业和采矿业很拉胯，提取这些矿产没有足够的技术和规模效应。

美国此前也考虑过找欧盟解决，但欧盟在本土寻找镓、锗物项供应矿产，发现了一个残酷的现实：欧洲本土的氧化铝精炼厂已经关闭了一大半。

而且中国禁止他国向美国出售商品是为了堵住企业试图通过第三国规避管制的潜在漏洞，因此，这给美国芯片业带来的打击是——

首先将影响到其下一代芯片的研发与生产，下一代芯片是氮化镓，但是氮化镓那个镓跟锗以及背后的精炼加工技术，中国掌握90%。

目前中国芯片产业链已经培育起来、市场技术、芯片原材料都在中国。这意味着我们不仅要反制裁，更要下定决心在下一代氮化镓芯片上弯道超车。

其次是影响美国军工业的发展。氮化镓为最有前途的第三代芯片材料，在军用装备方面更是有广泛的用途，特别是在雷达、电子战等装备方面非常重要。

基于氮化镓雷达的应用，我国歼-35A的雷达体制或已经从数字阵列升级到了最先进的软件定义，这意味着歼-35A的雷达技术要领先F-35一代甚至两代。

而对比歼35与F35可以知道，中国限制芯片材料出口对美军事装备产生了影响，而俄罗斯就曾因在氮化镓材料技术方面的落后持续吃亏。

至于石墨则是生产动力电池、阻燃剂必不或缺的材料。这些资源对于生产先进的微处理器、光纤产品和夜视镜等军事和通信设备部件至关重要，会影响美国军工复合体的导弹、战斗机生产。

而在中国没有针对性管制这项禁令之前，美国是可以通过第三方获得镓跟锗等物项的，但现在，中国将出口管制延伸至中国境内外的公司，这意味着要让美国要通过其他第三国获取相关物项的难度变大。

总的来看，中国的管制是非常有针对性，且非常快，正如纽约时报后知后觉的发布文章称，中国已经做好准备，和美国在贸易领域再交手。

这也是为什么美智库也开始承认，对华科技战搞砸了。美网友更是感叹：“看来美国忘了，中国仍然掌握着所有的牌。”

老美打压，逼中国出手，并没有打垮中国芯片企业，多家高端半导体研发公司回应，被列入实体清单对公司影响微乎其微，公司已搭建了稳定的供应链体系，反而对中国企业加速全产业链国产化进程起到助力作用。

中国研究人员正在材料、芯片架构和计算方法方面探索新突破，比如量子与光子芯片，这种突破有可能像中国电动汽车的超车一样。同时也在也逼出一个越来越强大的对手——华为。

美国对中国科技封锁、市场限制

逼出一个越来越强大的对手——华为

我们之所以不再被动承受，源于过去几年非但没有使我国芯片科技的发展停滞不前，客观上还促进了我国的科技进步。

华为就是一个被老美越打压，越强大的典型，面对英特尔、高通、台积电的断供，华为通过三年“卧薪尝胆”，奋发图强，反攻为守。

今年华为第一次高调的公开自家芯片的底细，直接跟美国摊牌，这背后是华为已经做到了离开美西方芯片产业链，已完全能活下来。从新的麒麟9020来看，性能比上一代麒麟9010、9000s都有很大提升，大概等同于英伟达RTX6090性能，能效比前代提升了50%。

麒麟9020芯片的内部结构更是敢于创新，用了与之前完全不同的堆叠技术，工艺水平直逼台积电的5nm，相当于骁龙8gen2芯片。

短短几年，中国企业已经完全有能力研制和量产5nm芯片，这放之前是想都不敢想的。

目前Mate70大卖，产业链已经加单30%，华为手机销售量的强势回升势头背后，是其所有手机芯片已经实现100%的国产化。

这得益于美国制裁，逼出了华为自我突破的决心，华为的成功给中国芯片产业打了一剂强心针，整个芯片产业链的国产替代正在逐步推进。以中芯国际为首的大陆晶圆加工厂继续扩建，中国在芯片设计能力上已跻身全球前列，从性能到功耗越来越好，制造和封装测试技术在不断提高，给国产替代提供了良好条件。

麒麟芯片

国内通信运营商已收到相关部门指令，要尽快完成对网络设备中非国产芯片的国产替代。

这一趋势，在政企行业的国产电脑领域，早就在推进。根据英国《金融时报》报道，中国出台了政策，要求各级部门截止在2024年必须将电脑全部更换为国产电脑，必须搭载国产处理器，并使用本土操作系统。

这一措施不仅提升了国产信创产业的安全等级，将极大拉动国内PC产业的内需市场，可对老美来说就不同了，英特尔、AMD等美企将承受巨大打击。

正如美媒所担忧的，美国的出口管制减少了美国半导体企业的商业机会，营收减少意味着研发投入和创新减少，给国内芯片产业提供了一个消费大市场。

美国网友感叹：制裁迫使中国加速自力更生，是这十年来最大的错误。这证明一个不断被历史印证的道理，越制裁什么，中国就会越突破什么，让美国担忧变成现实。

“至少有一件事两国可以达成一致，那就是中国不使用美国芯片，美国人现在高兴了吧。”德国网友幸灾乐祸的表示。

中国芯片产业不仅要破局，而是在筹谋超越

美国过去大搞贸易战，都能是成功，原因就是美国有一个国内超级消费市场，现在美国失算了，因为中国的国内市场更大，制裁把中国半导体消费大市场的内需激活，我们也来到了由投资拉动经济，转型到内需拉动经济阶段。

中国芯片产业有这样的表现，要感谢老美，正如法国网友诉说，美国希望脱钩的，他们如愿以偿了，这仅仅是个开始。也离不开中国芯片产业的科研人员无数个日日夜夜的砥砺前行，在无数个日夜，华为办公大楼灯火通明，更是成为中国芯努力突围奋斗的缩影。

原子弹、空间站，高铁、光伏、盾构机等等一系列产业，都是欧美不带中国玩，中国实现了弯道超车，在芯片产业上，中国既然已经被逼到这程度了，技术、原材料、市场都掌握在手里，下一步可能是筹谋的整体产业上的超越。产业链企业和研发人员不会放弃自主拿下技术制高点的机会。

居安思危，一直是我们在做的，美国打醒了中国企业的安逸生活，培育起了高强度的危机意识。

从快速反制的速度来看，中国对美国下一步的行动推演已经到了较后的阶段了，反制裁的情况可能会越来越多。痛了，才能让对方认清代价，我们也拭目以待。

US media: Prohibiting other countries from selling goods to the United States is setting a precedent, French netizen: The United States has achieved its goal

The United States is suppressing Chinese technology, and American media has realized the seriousness of the problem.

In order to maintain its technological hegemony, the United States has resorted to measures such as market restrictions and technology blockades, announcing the "blacklisting" of 140 Chinese companies.

 But unexpectedly, the Ministry of Commerce quickly responded by announcing a ban on the export of dual-use items related to gallium, germanium, antimony, and superhard materials to the United States, as well as the export of graphite dual-use items for electric vehicle batteries to the United States, and implementing stricter end-user and end use reviews.

This ban has now stunned the United States.

 US media commented on China's latest export controls, stating that China has set a precedent by prohibiting other countries from selling goods to the United States.

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The reason why American media believes that China has set a precedent is because they did not expect China to do so, and this move is very accurate.

 China has a large reserve of these things that are prohibited from being exported to the United States. For example, in 2023, China produced 98% of the world's gallium and 60% of its germanium, and the production of natural graphite accounted for 77% of the world's total production.

More importantly, these minerals are indispensable for high-tech products, national defense, communication and other products.

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The US Geological survey warned in a November report that China's complete ban on exports of gallium and germanium could cause direct losses of $3.4 billion to the US economy and trigger cascading effects of supply chain disruptions.

Bloomberg also pointed out that China is the world's largest supplier of dozens of key minerals, and expanding export controls will have a serious impact on related industries in the United States.

Although the reserves of germanium in the United States are higher than ours, the country has not mined gallium for semiconductors since 1987.

 Currently, 26% of the gallium imported by the United States comes from Japan, 21% from China, and 19% from Germany, in addition to several smaller suppliers.

 The United States mainly relies on lead-zinc associated minerals, and the manufacturing and mining industries are very intertwined. Extracting these minerals does not have sufficient technology and economies of scale.

The United States had previously considered seeking a solution from the European Union, but the EU's search for gallium and germanium supplies at home has revealed a harsh reality: half of the alumina refineries in Europe have already closed.

Moreover, China's ban on other countries selling goods to the United States is aimed at plugging potential loopholes for companies attempting to circumvent regulations through third countries. Therefore, the impact this has on the US chip industry is——

Firstly, it will affect the research and production of its next-generation chips, which are gallium nitride. However, China holds 90% of the refining and processing technology behind gallium nitride, gallium, and germanium.

At present, the Chinese chip industry chain has been cultivated, and market technology and chip raw materials are all in China.

 This means that we not only need to counter sanctions, but also have the determination to overtake in the next generation of gallium nitride chips.

Secondly, it affects the development of the US military industry.

 Gallium nitride is the most promising third-generation chip material and has a wide range of applications in military equipment, especially in radar, electronic warfare, and other equipment.

Based on the application of gallium nitride radar, the radar system of China's J-35A has been upgraded from digital array to the most advanced software defined, which means that the radar technology of J-35A is one or even two generations ahead of F-35.

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By comparing the J-35 and F35, it can be seen that China's restrictions on chip material exports have had an impact on US military equipment, while Russia has continued to suffer losses due to its backwardness in gallium nitride material technology.

As for graphite, it is an essential material for the production of power batteries and flame retardants.

 These resources are crucial for the production of advanced microprocessors, fiber optic products, and military and communication equipment components such as night vision goggles, which will affect the missile and fighter jet production of the US military industrial complex.

Before the ban on targeted control in China, the United States could obtain items such as gallium and germanium through third parties. However, now that China has extended export controls to companies within and outside of China, it means that it will be more difficult for the United States to obtain related items through other third countries.

Overall, China's regulation is very targeted and very fast. As the New York Times belatedly stated in an article, China is ready to confront the United States again in the field of trade.

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That's also why American think tanks have begun to admit that they have messed up the technology war against China.

 American netizens exclaimed, "It seems that the United States has forgotten that China still holds all the cards

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The suppression by the United States and forcing China to take action did not bring down Chinese chip companies. Several high-end semiconductor research and development companies responded that being included in the entity list had little impact on the company. The company has established a stable supply chain system, which has actually helped accelerate the localization process of the entire industry chain for Chinese enterprises.

Chinese researchers are exploring new breakthroughs in materials, chip architecture, and computing methods, such as quantum and photonic chips, which may be similar to the overtaking of Chinese electric vehicles.

 At the same time, it is also forcing an increasingly powerful competitor - Huawei.

Image: US imposes technology blockade and market restrictions on China

Forcing an increasingly powerful opponent - Huawei

The reason why we are no longer passively enduring it is because in the past few years, not only has the development of chip technology in our country not stagnated, but objectively promoted our country's technological progress.

Huawei is a typical example of being suppressed and becoming stronger by the Americans. Faced with supply cuts from Intel, Qualcomm, and TSMC, Huawei worked hard for three years, persevering and launching a counterattack to defend itself.

This year, Huawei publicly revealed the details of its own chips for the first time in a high-profile manner, directly confronting the United States. Behind this is that Huawei has already left the Western chip industry chain and is fully capable of surviving.

 From the perspective of the new Kirin 9020, its performance has greatly improved compared to the previous generation Kirin 9010 and 9000s, roughly equivalent to the performance of NVIDIA RTX6090, with a 50% increase in energy efficiency compared to the previous generation.

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The internal structure of the Kirin 9020 chip is innovative, using a completely different stacking technology from before, with a process level comparable to TSMC's 5nm, equivalent to the Snapdragon 8gen2 chip.

In just a few years, Chinese companies have fully developed and mass-produced 5nm chips, which was unimaginable before.

At present, Mate70 is selling well, and the industry chain has increased orders by 30%. Behind Huawei's strong rebound in mobile phone sales is that all of its mobile phone chips have achieved 100% localization.

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This is thanks to US sanctions, which have driven Huawei's determination to break through on its own. Huawei's success has injected a shot in the arm into China's chip industry, and the domestic substitution of the entire chip industry chain is gradually advancing.

 The mainland wafer processing plants led by SMIC continue to expand, and China has become one of the world's leading chip design capabilities. From performance to power consumption, manufacturing and packaging testing technologies are constantly improving, providing favorable conditions for domestic substitution.

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Domestic communication operators have received instructions from relevant departments to complete the domestic substitution of non domestic chips in network equipment as soon as possible.

This trend has long been promoted in the domestic computer field of the government and enterprise industries.

 According to a report by the financial Times, China has implemented policies requiring all levels of departments to replace all computers with domestically produced ones by 2024, equip them with domestically produced processors, and use local operating systems.

This measure not only enhances the security level of the domestic information and innovation industry, but also greatly stimulates the domestic demand market of the PC industry. However, it is different for Americans, as American companies such as Intel and AMD will suffer a huge blow.

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As concerns have been raised by American media, export controls in the United States have reduced business opportunities for American semiconductor companies. Reduced revenue means less research and development investment and innovation, providing a large consumer market for the domestic chip industry.

American netizens sigh: Sanctions forcing China to accelerate self-reliance is the biggest mistake of the past decade.

 This proves a truth that has been repeatedly proven by history: the more sanctions are imposed, the more China will break through, making American concerns a reality.

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"At least one thing that the two countries can agree on is that China does not use American chips. Americans are happy now," said a German netizen gloating.

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The Chinese chip industry is not only aiming to break through, but also planning to surpass

In the past, the United States has been able to successfully engage in trade wars because it has a domestic super consumer market. Now, the United States has miscalculated because China's domestic market is even larger, and sanctions have activated domestic demand in China's semiconductor consumption market. We have also entered a stage of transitioning from investment driven economy to domestic demand driven economy.

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The Chinese chip industry has shown such performance, and we should thank the United States. As French netizens have said, the United States hopes to decouple, and they have achieved their goal. This is just the beginning.

 It is also inseparable from the countless days and nights of scientific researchers in China's chip industry forging ahead. In countless days and nights, Huawei's office building is brightly lit, becoming a microcosm of China's chip industry's efforts to break through and struggle.

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A series of industries such as atomic bombs, space stations, high-speed trains, photovoltaics, shield tunneling machines, etc., are all played by Europe and America without China. China has achieved a curve overtaking. In the chip industry, since China has been forced to this extent, with technology, raw materials, and markets in its hands, the next step may be to plan for overall industrial surpassing.

 Industry chain enterprises and R&D personnel will not give up the opportunity to independently seize the technological high ground.

Being prepared for danger in times of peace has always been what we have been doing. The United States has awakened the comfortable life of Chinese companies and cultivated a high-intensity sense of crisis.

From the perspective of the speed of rapid countermeasures, China's deduction of the next steps for the United States has reached a later stage, and the situation of counter sanctions may become more and more frequent.

 Only when it hurts can the other party recognize the cost, and we will wait and see.

1.In order to maintain its technological hegemony, the United States has resorted to measures such as market restrictions and technology blockades, announcing the "blacklisting" of 140 Chinese companies.

句子成分分析：

In order to maintain its technological hegemony, || the United States has resorted to measures (such as market restrictions and technology blockades), announcing the "blacklisting" [of 140 Chinese companies].

句子语法结构详解：

* in order 引导状语从句。
* to maintain 为不定式。
* the united states 开头为陈述句。
* resorted 为谓语，采用现在完成时。
* announcing 为现在分词，作状语。
* blacklisting 为动名词。
* its 为物主代词。has 为助动词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase: