
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English.Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
语言的出现和消失已经有几千年的历史了,但最近出现的语言越来越少,而消失的语言却越来越多。当世界上仍有狩猎采集者居住时,小型的、紧密结合的群体发展出了各自独立的语言模式。一些语言专家认为,1万年前,当世界上只有500万到1000万人的时候,他们大概说着1.2万种语言。
不久之后,这些人中的许多人开始定居下来,成为农民,他们的语言也变得更加固定,数量也越来越少。在最近的经济中心,贸易,工业化。民族国家的发展和普及义务教育。尤其是在过去的几十年里,全球化和更好的通信,都导致了许多语言的消失,包括英语等主导语言。西班牙语和汉语越来越多地取而代之。
目前,世界上大约有6800种语言。这些语言的分布极不均衡。一般来说,温和地区的语言相对较少。经常被很多人在热的时候说。潮湿地区有很多地方,通常是少数人说的。欧洲只有大约200种语言,而美洲大约有1000种。非洲2 400;亚洲和太平洋地区可能有3200个,其中巴布亚新几内亚就占了800多个。使用这种语言的人中位数仅为6000人,这意味着世界上一半的语言的使用者少于6000人。
在总共6,800种语言中,已经有超过400种濒临灭绝,只有少数老年人还在使用。随机挑选喀麦隆的布苏语(仅剩8人)和墨西哥的恰帕内奇语(150人)。美国的利潘·阿帕奇(Lipan Apache)(两三个)或澳大利亚的瓦迪古(Wadjigu)(一个,带问号):这些似乎都没有多大的生存机会。
句子成分分析:
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, || but [in recent times] there has been less coming
and [a lot] more going.
句子语法结构详解:
* 第1个 been 为助动词。
* 第1个 coming 为谓语,采用现在完成进行时。
* 第1个 going 为谓语。
* but 为并列连词,连接并列句,表转折。
* there 引导 there be ... 句型, 表示“有”的意思。
* 第2个 been 为系动词作谓语,采用现在完成时。
* 第2个 going 为动名词。
* have, has 为助动词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
thousands of | 数千, 成千上万, 大量 |
a lot more | 1) 多很多 2) ( ~ + adj/adv)...得多, 更加... |
Vocabulary:
language ['læŋgwidʒ] | n. | 1) 语言,语种 2) 措词,语言风格 |
come [kʌm] | vi. | 1) 来, 来(做某事), 来临 2) 到, 到达, 抵达 3) 发生 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
go [gəu] | vi. | 1) 去, 走 2) 旅行 |
vi. | 1) 去, 走 2) 旅行 | |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
but [bʌt] | conj. | 1) 但是 2) 而, 却 |
recent ['ri:snt] | a. | 近来的,新近的 |
time [taim] | n. | 1) 时间 2) 时候 3) 时期,时代 |
less [les] | a. | 较少的,更少的 |
coming ['kʌmiŋ] | n. | (新事物的)到来,来临 |
句子成分分析:
Some language experts believe | that [10,000 years ago], when the world had just five to tenmillion people, || they
spoke [perhaps] 12,000 languages [between them].
句子语法结构详解:
(spoke 为 speak 的过去式。)
* believe 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* when 为连词,引导时间状语从句。
* had 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* they 开头为陈述句。
* spoke 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* they 为人称代词主格。them 为人称代词宾格。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Vocabulary:
some [sʌm] | a. | 1) 一些 2) 某一, 某个 |
language ['læŋgwidʒ] | n. | 1) 语言,语种 2) 措词,语言风格 |
expert ['ekspә:t] | n. | 专家,行家,能手 |
believe [bi'li:v] | vt. | 1) 相信,认为真实 2) 认为(……有可能), 把(某事)当真 |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
world [wә:ld] | n. | 1) 世界,人类社会 2) 地球,天下 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
just [dʒʌst] | ad. | 1) 只,仅仅 2) 刚,刚刚 |
five [faiv] | num | 五 |
ten million | 一千万 | |
people ['pi:pl] | n. | 1) 人,人们,大家 2) 国民,人民,臣民,群众 |
speak [spi:k] | vt. | 1) 会说,会讲(某种语言) 2) 用(某种语言)说话 |
perhaps [pә'hæps] | ad. | 1) (用于粗略的估计)或许,可能 2) 可能;大概;也许 |
between [bi'twi:n] | prep. | 在(两者或多者)之间 |
句子成分分析:
The general rule is | that mild zones have relatively few languages.
句子语法结构详解:
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* that 为连词,引导表语从句。
* have 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Vocabulary:
general ['dʒenәrәl] | a. | 1) 正常的,一般的,常规的 2) 全体的,普遍的,总的 |
rule [ru:l] | n. | 1) 规则,规章,条例 2) 建议,应做之事 |
mild [maild] | a. | 1) 温和的,和善的,不严厉的 2) (天气)温和的,和熙的 |
zone [zәun] | n. | 1) 地带,地区 2) 分区,区域 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
relatively | ad. | 相当程度上,相当地, 相对地 |
few [fju:] | a. | 1) 很少, 不多 2) (a few) 几个 |
language ['læŋgwidʒ] | n. | 1) 语言,语种 2) 措词,语言风格 |
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