
Parents and math teachers regularly asked by their school-aged charges whether math matters in real life now have an answer.
In a study published by the National Bureau of economic Research this week, Harvard Kennedy School policy professor Joshua Goodman took a look at what happened to students whose high schools were required in the 1980s to increase the minimum level of coursework required to graduate. What he found is that the students were more likely to increase the number of math courses they took as a result of the change in standards and that translated into higher earnings down the line.
Put simply: About 15 years after they graduated, the high school graduates who went to school when these changes took effect saw their average earnings increase about 10% for every extra year of math coursework. The findings may add fuel to the steady drum of education experts, policy makers and others calling for an increased focus on science and math education.
The increase in required math courses didn’t necessarily produce rocket scientists, Goodman notes, because the extra coursework wasn’t at a particularly high level. But becoming familiar with and practicing relatively basic math skills allowed high school graduates to pursue and excel at jobs that required some level of computational knowledge, he said.
Goodman acknowledged that the earnings boost for the students connected with the uptick (上升) in math education may be dependent on the state of the economy. When Goodman checked in in the late 1990s and early 2000s on the earnings of the students who graduated in the late 1980s, he found that their earnings increased significantly if they took more math.
家长和数学老师经常被适龄学生问到数学在现实生活中是否重要,现在他们有了答案。
在美国国家经济研究局本周发表的一项研究中,哈佛大学肯尼迪学院政策教授乔舒亚·古德曼研究了20世纪80年代高中被要求提高毕业所需最低课程水平的学生的情况。他发现,由于标准的变化,学生们更有可能增加数学课程的数量,这转化为更高的收入。
简单地说:在他们毕业大约15年后,当这些变化生效时上学的高中毕业生的平均收入每多上一年数学课程,就会增加大约10%。这些发现可能会为教育专家、政策制定者和其他人呼吁更多关注科学和数学教育的呼声火上浇油。
古德曼指出,必修数学课程的增加并不一定能培养出火箭科学家,因为额外的课程并没有达到特别高的水平。但他说,熟悉并练习相对基本的数学技能使高中毕业生能够从事需要一定计算知识的工作,并在这些工作中脱颖而出。
古德曼承认,学生们的收入增长与收入增长有关(上升) 数学教育可能取决于经济状况。古德曼在20世纪90年代末和21世纪初查看了20世纪80年代末毕业的学生的收入,他发现如果他们多学数学,他们的收入会显著增加。
句子成分分析:
Parents and math teachers regularly asked [[by their school-aged charges]] | whether math matters (in real life)
now have an answer.
句子语法结构详解:
* asked 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* by their school-aged charges 为介词短语作状语,被移位到宾语从句之前。
* whether 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* have 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* their 为形容词型物主代词。an 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Vocabulary:
parent ['perәnt] | n. | 1) 父亲(或母亲) 2) (动、植物的)亲本,亲代,父本,母本 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
math [mæθ] | n. | [口语] (= mathematics) 数学 |
teacher ['ti:tʃә] | n. | 教师,教员,老师,先生 |
regularly ['regjulәli] | ad. | 1) 经常 2) 有规律地;正常地;间隙均匀地 |
ask [ɑ:sk] | vt. | 1) 问,询问 2) 要求,请求 |
charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] | n. | 1) 收费, 要价 2) 控告,指控 |
whether ['hweðә] | conj. | 1) 是否 2) 不管...(还是), 不论...(还是) |
matter ['mætә] | n. | 1) 事情,问题,课题 2) (the matter)用于询问(出什么)毛病,问题 3) 物质 |
real ['riәl] | a. | 1) 真的,正宗的,非假冒的,非人工的 2) 真实的,实际存在的,非凭空想像的 |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 一生,终生 2) 生活,生活经历 3) 生命,性命 |
now [nau] | ad. | 现在, 目前 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
answer ['ɑ:nsә] | n. | 1) (试题、练习等的)答案,正确答案 2) 答复,回答 |
句子成分分析:
What he found | is | that the students were more likely toincrease the number (of math courses (they took [as a result
(of the change (in standards))]) an(that translated into higher earnings [down the line])).
句子语法结构详解:
(found 为 find 的过去式。took 为 take 的过去式。higher 为 high 的比较级形式)
* what 为关系代词,引导主语从句。
* found 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* 第1个 that 为连词,引导表语从句。
* were 为系动词作谓语,采用一般过去时。
* likely 为形容词作表语。
* to increase 为不定式,作状语。
* they 开头为定语从句,引导词 that 被省略。
* took 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* 第2个 that 为关系代词,引导定语从句。
* translated 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* he, they 为人称代词主格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
be likely to do sth | (很)可能... |
as a result of... | 作为...的结果 |
Vocabulary:
find [faind] | vt. | 1) (意外或偶然地)发现,碰到 2) 找到,找回 |
student ['stju:dnt] | n. | 1) 学生,(尤指)中学生 2) 大学生,研究生,博士生 |
more [mɔ:] | ad. | 1) 更加; 更甚 2) (与形容词或副词连用,构成比较级)更 |
increase [in'kri:s] | vt. | 使增长,增多,增加 |
number ['nʌmbә] | n. | 1) 数目,数字 2) 编号,号码, 序数 |
math [mæθ] | n. | [口语] (= mathematics) 数学 |
course [kɔ:s] | n. | 1) 课程, 讲座 2) 航线,航向 |
take [teik] | vt. | 1) 学习(某课程) 2) 拿,抱, 握,取, 抓住 3) 携带, 运载 |
change [tʃeindʒ] | n. | 1) 变化, 改变, 变革 2) 零钱, 找头 |
standard ['stændәd] | n. | 1) 标准,水平,规范 2) 正常水平,应达标准 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
translate [træns'leit] | vi. | 1) 翻译,译 2) 被翻译,被译成 |
high [hai] | a. | 1) 高的 2) 有某高度的 |
earnings ['ә:niŋ] | n. | 1) 薪水;工资;收入 2) 利润;收益 |
down [daun] | prep. | 1) 顺着, 沿着 2) 顺着...向下, 沿着...往下 |
line [lain] | n. | 1) 线,线条 2) 界线,场界 |
句子成分分析:
Put [simply]: About 15 years after they graduated, || the high school graduates (who went to school || when these-
changes took effect) saw their averageearnings increase about 10% [for every extra year (of math coursework)].
句子语法结构详解:
(went 为 go 的过去式。took 为 take 的过去式。saw 为 see 的过去式。)
* Put 为过去分词。
* after 为连词,引导时间状语从句。
* graduated 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* the 开头为陈述句。
* who 为关系代词,引导定语从句。
* went 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* when 为连词,引导时间状语从句。
* took 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* saw 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* increase 为不带 to 的不定式,作宾语补足语(或称复合宾语)。
* they 为人称代词主格。their 为形容词型物主代词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
put simply | 简单地说 |
high school | 中学 |
go to school | 去上学 |
take effect | 起作用, 见效 |
Vocabulary:
about [ә'baut] | ad. | 1) 大约, 差不多 2) 将近, 几乎 |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
after ['ɑ:ftә] | conj. | (时间上)在...之后 |
graduate ['grædʒueit] | vi. | 1) 毕业(尤指中学) 2) 获得学位(尤指学士),大学毕业 |
n. | 1) 毕业生 2) 大学毕业生 | |
these [ði:z] | a. | 这些 |
change [tʃeindʒ] | n. | 1) 变化, 改变, 变革 2) 零钱, 找头 |
see [si:] | vt. | 1) 看见,见到,看出 2) 观看(比赛、电视节目、演出等) |
average ['ævәridʒ] | a. | 1) 平均的 2) 典型的,正常的 3) 普通的,平常的,一般的 |
earnings ['ә:niŋ] | n. | 1) 薪水;工资;收入 2) 利润;收益 |
increase [in'kri:s] | vt. | 使增长,增多,增加 |
every ['evri] | a. | 1) 每(个), 每一 2) 所有可能的 3) 每隔, 每逢, 每 |
extra ['ekstrә] | a. | 额外的,分外的,外加的,附加的 |
math [mæθ] | n. | [口语] (= mathematics) 数学 |
coursework | n. | (计入最终成绩的)课程作业 |
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