
Some anthropologists suggested that the tendency of languages is more likely to contain words useful to their speakers. A study just published by Asifa Majid at Radboud University supports this.
Dr. Majid knew from her previous work that the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers in Malaysia,are
remarkably good at naming odors(气味). When she asked some Jahai and American volunteers to name
colors and odors they were presented with, the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colors but agreed much less when putting names to odors. When presented with baby powder they offered wax, baby oil, toilet paper and rose as descriptions. Jahai’s answers, however, were in equal agreement about both odors and colors.
Dr. Majid suggested that it might be because the Jahai have a dozen words to describe different sorts of smells in the abstract. For example, the Jahai use the word “cxas” for the sorts of smells
associated with petrol, smoke and various insects, and “plxex” for bloody, fishy and meaty sorts of
smells.
Dr. Majid also looked at how two other groups of people from the Malay Peninsula used terms for colors and odors. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai,
who grow rice.Their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Researchers
asked the two groups to name odors and colors presented to them at random and found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odors 86%of the time about as often as they did for colors. The Semelai also used abstract color descriptions at a similar rate, namely 78%of the time. But when it came to describing odors they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions.
Given these findings and with the earlier study with the Jahai, Dr. Majid argues that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is vital to the use of abstract names for odors.
他们的发言人。拉德布大学的阿西法·马吉德刚刚发表的一项研究支持了这一点。
马吉德博士从她之前的工作中知道,马来西亚的一群狩猎采集者贾海人
非常善于命名气味(气味). 当她问一些贾海和美国志愿者的名字时
颜色和气味,美国人在命名颜色时通常相互同意,但在为气味命名时则不太同意。当收到婴儿爽身粉时,他们会提供蜡、婴儿油、卫生纸和玫瑰作为描述。然而,贾海的回答在气味和颜色上都是一致的。
马吉德博士认为,这可能是因为贾海有十几个词可以抽象地描述不同种类的气味。例如,贾海人用“cxas”这个词来形容各种气味
与汽油、烟雾和各种昆虫有关,“plxex”表示血腥、腥味和多肉的
气味。
马吉德博士还研究了来自马来半岛的另外两组人是如何使用颜色和气味的术语的。这些是Semaq Beri,他们也以狩猎和采集为生,还有Semelai,
他们种植水稻。他们的语言关系密切,都生活在热带雨林中。研究人员
让这两组人随机命名呈现给他们的气味和颜色,发现Semaq Beri在86%的时间里对气味使用抽象术语,与他们对颜色使用抽象术语的频率差不多。Semelai也以类似的比率使用抽象的颜色描述,即78%的时间。但在描述气味时,他们只在44%的情况下依赖抽象。
鉴于这些发现以及贾海早期的研究,马吉德博士认为,使用抽象的气味名称至关重要的是狩猎和采集的生活方式,而不是特定语言的使用。
句子成分分析:
When presented with baby powder || they offered wax, baby oil, toilet paper and rose [as descriptions].
句子语法结构详解:
* when 为连词,引导时间状语从句。句子有省略。
* presented 为过去分词。
* they 开头为陈述句。
* offered 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* they 为人称代词主格。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
present sb with sth | 1) 授予某人..., 赠予某人..., 把...交给某人 2) 给某人带来(麻烦), 使某人经历... |
toilet paper | 卫生纸;手纸 |
Vocabulary:
baby ['beibi] | a. | 小型的,幼嫩的,微型的 |
powder ['paudә] | n. | 1) 粉末,细面 2) 扑面粉,美容粉 |
offer ['ɔfә] | vt. | 1) 提供(东西或机会),供应 2) 主动提出,自愿给予 |
wax [wæks] | n. | 1) 蜡,蜂蜡 2) 耳屎,耳垢 |
oil [ɔil] | n. | 1) 石油,原油 2) 燃油,润滑油 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
rose [rәuz] | n. | 1) 蔷薇(花),玫瑰(花) 2) 粉红色 |
as [æz] | prep. | 1) 作为, 当作 2) 像,如同 |
description [di'skripʃәn] | n. | 1) 描绘,说明 2) 类型,种类 |
句子成分分析:
Dr.Majid suggested | that it might be | because the Jahai have a dozen words to describe different sorts (of smells) [in the abstract].
句子语法结构详解:
* suggested 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* be 为系动词作谓语。
* because 引导表语从句。
* have 为谓语,采用虚拟语气。
* to describe 为不定式。
* may 为情态动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
in the abstract | 抽象地; 在理论上 |
Vocabulary:
suggest [sәg'dʒest] | vt. | 1) 建议,提议 2) 推荐,举荐 |
because [bi'kɔ:z] | conj. | 因为 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
dozen ['dʌzn] | n. | 1) 一打(十二个) 2) 十来个 |
word [wә:d] | n. | 1) 单词 2) 话语,言语 |
describe [di'skraib] | vt. | 1) 描述,形容,把……称为 2) 做……运动,画出……图形,形成……形状 |
different ['difәrәnt] | a. | 1) 不同的,有区别的,有差异的 2) 分别的,各别的,各种的 |
sort [sɔ:t] | n. | 1) 种类,类别 2) 某一种人 |
smell [smel] | n. | 1) 气味 2) 臭味 |
句子成分分析:
Researchers asked | the two groups [to name odors and colors presented to them [at random]] and found that the Semaq Beri (used abstract terms [for odors 86%of]) the time [about as often] as they did for colors.
句子语法结构详解:
(found 为 find 的过去式。)
* asked 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* 第1个 the 开头为宾语从句,引导词 that 被省略。
* groups 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* presented 为过去分词,作后置定语。
* found 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* Semaq Beri 为名词作宾语补足语(即构成复合宾语)。
* used 开头为定语从句,引导词 that 被省略。
* terms 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* 句中含有用于比较的结构 as...as...,意为“和……一样……”
* 第2个 as 为连词,引导比较状语从句。
* did 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* they 为人称代词主格。them 为人称代词宾格。that 为指示代词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
1) 把...提交给... 2) 授予某人..., 赠予某人..., 把...交给某人 | |
at random | 随机地, 任意地 |
1) 适合于, 可作……之用 2) 代替 | |
as...as... | 与...一样... |
Vocabulary:
researcher [ri:'sә:tʃә] | n. | 研究人员 |
ask [ɑ:sk] | vt. | 1) 要求,请求 2) 问,询问 |
two [tu:] | num | 二 |
group [gru:p] | vi. | 成群,成组,聚集 |
name [neim] | n. | 1) 名字,名称 2) 名誉,名声,名气 |
odor ['әudә] | n. | 气味, 香味, 名声, 意味 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
color ['kʌlә] | n. | 1) 颜色 2) 彩色 |
find [faind] | vt. | 1) (意外或偶然地)发现,碰到 2) 找到,找回 |
that [ðæt] | pron | 1) 那(个) 2) (在句中作关系代词, 连接从句) |
used ['ju:st] | a. | 1) 用过的,旧的,二手的 2) 习惯于,适应 |
abstract ['æbstrækt] | n. | 1) (文献等的)摘要,概要 2) 抽象派艺术作品 |
term [tә:m] | vt. | 把……称为,把……叫做 |
time [taim] | n. | 1) 时间 2) 时候 3) 时期,时代 |
about [ә'baut] | ad. | 1) 大约, 差不多 2) 将近, 几乎 |
often ['ɔ:fn] | ad. | 常常; 经常; 时常 |
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